Rust uses stack and heap allocation to manage memory, with distinct characteristics for each. Understanding their differences and how Rust decides where to allocate data is key to writing efficient and safe code.

Stack vs. Heap in Rust

Stack	Heap
Fast allocation/deallocation (LIFO).	Slower allocation (dynamic).
Fixed, known size at compile time.	Size can grow (e.g., `String`, `Vec`).
Automatic cleanup (no `free()` needed).	Manual management (via `Drop` trait).
Used for primitive types (`i32`, `bool`), small structs.	Used for large, dynamic data (`String`, `Box<T>`).

How Rust Decides Where to Allocate

By Default → Stack

If a type has a fixed size (e.g., i32, arrays, structs with no String/Vec), it is allocated on the stack.

Example:

let x = 5; // Stack (i32 is fixed-size)

Explicit Heap Allocation

Use types like Box<T>, String, Vec, etc., to allocate on the heap.

Example:

let s = String::from("heap"); // Heap (growable UTF-8 string)
let boxed = Box::new(42);     // Heap (Box<T>)

Move Semantics

When a value is moved, its heap data is transferred, not copied, ensuring efficient memory management.

Example:

let s1 = String::from("hello"); // Heap-allocated
let s2 = s1; // Moves ownership (heap data not copied)
// println!("{}", s1); // ERROR: s1 is invalidated

Key Takeaways

✅ Stack: Fast, fixed-size, automatic.
✅ Heap: Flexible, dynamic, manual (via smart pointers).
✅ Rust defaults to stack but uses heap for growable/unknown-size data.

Follow-Up: When would you force heap allocation?

For large structs (avoid stack overflow).
When you need dynamic dispatch (e.g., Box<dyn Trait>).
To share ownership across threads (Arc<T>).

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